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Kosovo

 
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Milena S.
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PostWysłany: Wto 20:49, 08 Kwi 2008    Temat postu: Kosovo

Kosovo is a region in the Balkans, till 17th february under ad interim (tymczasowa) control of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo and protection of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Kosovo Force.
Kosovo has a population of about two million people, ethnic Albanians, with smaller populations of Serbs, Romani people, Goranis, Bosniaks, Turks and other ethnic communities. Pristina is the capital and the largest city. Kosovo is landlocked (bez dostępu do morza), bordering Montenegro to the west, Albania to the southwest, the Republic of Macedonia to the south and Central Serbia to the north and east.
Kosovo's provisional government unilaterally (jednostronnie) declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and received partial international recognition as a sovereign state (notably from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Albania, Italy, Turkey and some other countries). Exactly 19 states formally recognise the Republic of Kosovo while some other 12 are expected to do so in the coming weeks.
History of Kosovo
In the 4th to 3rd centuries BC, it was the territory of the Thraco-Illyrian tribe of the Dardani, forming part of the kingdom of Illyria. The Illyrians were conquered by Rome in the 160s BC, and made the Roman province of Illyricum in 59 BC. The Kosovo region became part of Moesia Superior (górna) in AD 87. The Slavic migrations reached the Balkans in the 6th to 7th century. The area was absorbed into the Byzantine empire in the 850s. As the center of Slavic resistance to Constantinople in the region, it often switched between Serbian and Bulgarian rule on one hand and Byzantine on the other until the Serb principality of Rascia (Raszka) conquered it by the end of the 11th century.
Fully absorbed into the Serbian Kingdom until the end of the 12th, it became the secular and spiritual center of the Serbian medieval state of the Nemanyiden (Nemanja) dynasty in the 13th century, with the Patriarchate of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Peć.
Ottoman Kosovo (1455 to 1912)
The Ottoman conquest of Kosovo was a major achievement for the Turks, as the Kosovar rich minerals would prove a great asset to their empire. The establishment of Ottoman institutions in Kosovo brought about a new era. Religiously-selective taxation (opodatkowanie), education of the Kosovar aristocracy in Ottoman schools and the stability brought to the region led to a mass conversion (zmiana) of the Christian population into Islam.
The Ottomans brought Islamisation with them, particularly in towns, and later also created the Vilayet of Kosovo as one of the Ottoman territorial entities (jednostki). Kosovo was taken by the Austrian forces during the Great War of 1683–1699 with help of 6,000 Albanians.
In 1766, the Ottomans abolished the Patriarchate of Peć and the position of Christians in Kosovo was greatly reduced. All previous privileges (przywileje) were lost.
During the 19th century, Kosovo was a typical redoubt (miejsce schronienia) of defiant (wyzyskiwanych) people who fought against the Ottoman regime in quest for (w poszukiwaniu) their national liberty. As a result, many Albanian highlanders (górali) retained some autonomy and were allowed to apply their customary (zwyczajne) law.
20th century history of Kosovo
In 1881, the Ottoman Army began fighting the Albanian forces. After three years of war, the Albanians were defeated. Many of the leaders were executed and imprisoned. The Treaty of San Stefano in 1878 restored most Albanian lands to Ottoman control, but the Serbian forces had to retreat from Kosovo along with some Serbs that were expelled (wygnanych) as well. By the end of the 19th century the Albanians replaced the Serbs as the dominant people in Kosovo.
Balkan Wars
In 1912, during the Balkan Wars, most of Kosovo was taken by the Kingdom of Serbia, while the region of Metohija was taken by the Kingdom of Montenegro. The Serbian authorities planned a recolonization of Kosovo. Numerous colonist Serb families moved into Kosovo, equalizing (wyrównać) the demographic balance between Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians fled into the mountains and numerous Albanian and Turkish houses were razed (zrównanych z ziemią).
World War I
In the winter of 1915-1916, during World War I, Kosovo saw a large exodus (migracja) of the Serbian army which became known as the Great Serbian Retreat. Defeated in battles against Austro-Hungarians, they had no other choice than to retreat (wycofać się), as Kosovo was occupied by Bulgarians and Austro-Hungarians. The Albanians joined and supported the Central Powers. As opposed to Serbian schools, numerous Albanian schools were opened during the 'occupation'. Tens of thousands of soldiers died of starvation (głód), extreme weather and Albanian reprisals. Transported away from the front lines, the Serbian army managed to treat many wounded (rannych) and ill soldiers and get some rest. Refreshed and regrouped, it decided to return to the battlefield. In 1918, the Serbian Army pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo. During Serbian control of Kosovo, the Serbian Army committed atrocities (okrucieństwa) against the population in revenge (zemsta). Serbian Kosovo was unified with Montenegrin Metohija as Montenegro subsequently (potem) joined the Kingdom of Serbia. After World War I ended, the Monarchy was then transformed into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians on 1 December 1918.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia and World War II
The greatest part of Kosovo became a part of Italian-controlled Fascist Albania. During the fascist occupation of Kosovo by Albanians, until August 1941 alone, over 10,000 Serbs were killed and between 80,000 and 100,000 Serbs were expelled, while roughly the same number of Albanians from Albania were brought to settle in these Serbian lands.
Kosovo was liberated after 1944 with the help of the Albanian partisans of the Comintern, and became a province of Serbia within (wewnątrz) the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.
The province was first formed in 1945 as the Autonomous Kosovo-Metohian Area to protect its regional Albanian majority. Kosovo gained internal autonomy in the 1960s.
Kosovo and the breakup of Yugoslavia
Inter-ethnic tensions (napięcia) continued to worsen in Kosovo throughout the 1980s. Kosovo's ethnic Serb community, a minority (mniejszość) of Kosovo population, complained about mistreatment (złe traktowanie) from the Albanian majority (większość). Milošević capitalized on this discontent (niezadowolenie) to consolidate his own position in Serbia. Milošević was sent by Ivan Stabolić to meet with local leaders because the local Serbs were threatening (grozili) to organize a demonstration in Belgrade. However a large demonstration of Serbian nationalists had been organized to coincide (zbiegła się) with Milošević's arrival. When the demonstrators broke through the police cordon, the police got out their batons (pałki) and the situation began to get ugly. At this point Milošević went to a window and declared "Nobody must ever again dare to beat these people." From this moment on Milošević used the Kosovo issue (sprawa) in his rise to power.
In 1989, Milošević, employing (stosując) a mix of intimidation (zastraszenie), drastically reduced Kosovo's special autonomous status within (w) Serbia. Soon thereafter Kosovo Albanians organized a non-violent separatist movement, employing widespread (rozległe) civil disobedience (nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie. Kosovo Albanians boycotted state institutions and elections and established separate Albanian schools and political institutions. On July 2, 1990, an unconstitutional Kosovo parliament declared Kosovo an independent country, although this was not recognized by Belgrade or any foreign states. Two years later, in 1992, the parliament organized an unofficial referendum. With an 80% turnout (frekwencja), 98% voted for Kosovo to be independent.
The 1990s
The Republic of Kosovo was a secessionist state proclaimed in 1991 by a parallel (równoległy) parliament representing the Ethnic Albanian population of Kosovo. During its peak it established its own parallel political institutions in opposition to the Serb-dominated institutions of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. The Republic of Kosova was formally disbanded (rozwiązana) in 2000.
The Kosovo War
was a conflict between Serbian and Yugoslav security forces and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnic Albanian guerilla (partyzancka) group, supported by NATO.
During the conflict roughly a million ethnic Albanians fled or were forcefully driven from Kosovo, several thousand were killed. An estimated 10,000-12,000 ethnic Albanians and 3,000 Serbs are believed to have been killed during the conflict. Up to 20,000 Kosovo Albanian women were allegedly (rzekomo, przypuszczalnie) raped during the Kosovo carnage (rzeź). Some 3,000 people are still missing, of which 2,500 are Albanian, 400 Serbs and 100 Roma.
Recent history (1999 to present)
In 2001, UNMIK promulgated (ogłosiło) Constitutional Framework (struktura) for Kosovo that established the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PISG), including an elected Kosovo Assembly (zgromadzenie), Presidency and office of Prime Minister. Kosovo held its first free, Kosovo-wide elections in late 2001.
International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo, as envisaged under UN Security Council Resolution 1244.
Declaration of Independence
The Kosovar Assembly approved a declaration of independence on 17 February 2008.
Over the following days, several countries (United States, Turkey, Albania, Austria, Germany, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Australia and others) announced their recognition (uznanie), despite protests by Serbia in the UN Security Council.
The European Union has no official position towards Kosovo's status, but has decided to deploy (rozmieścić) the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo to ensure a continuation of international civil presence in Kosovo.
Of Kosovo's immediate neighbour states (other than Serbia), Albania recognizes the declaration of independence, Macedonia announced they will likely recognize it within "a few weeks" and Montenegro stated they will wait for a decision of the European Union.
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PostWysłany: Śro 18:22, 09 Kwi 2008    Temat postu:

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