angielski-reszta referatów

Milena20 · Gość

hej możecie wrzucić trzy ostatnie referaty z angielskiego? - Zagrzeb, muzyka i ost. dzięki:)

ponad200watt

tym razem bez efektow dzwiekowych;)

BALKAN MUSIC

The music of Southeastern Europe or the Balkans is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. This is mainly because it was influenced by traditional music of the Southeastern European ethnic groups and mutual (wzajemne) music influences of this ethnic groups in the period of Ottoman Empire.

Some facts about the most important influences:
- Byzantine influence- it was composed to Greek texts as ceremonial, festival, or church music with elements derived from(wywodzace sie z) Syrian and Hebrew as well as Greek sources. Because of the main rule of church the principal instrument was organ, however the kithara(instrument zbudowany z drewna, podobna do liry) and the aulos(instr. dęty drewniany), were also used. Byzantine chant was in free rhythm, and often attempted to depict(przedstawiać) melodically the meaning of the words.
- Ottoman influence – the main country which had the biggest influence of Balkan music was Turkey. Their music was a mix of diverse styles, including folk music and popular music produced in the ethnic styles like Armenian or Greek. Many Turkish cities and towns had vibrant(dynamiczny) local music scenes with a number of regional musical styles.
- Tradicional serbian music - During the Nemanjic dynasty, musicians played an important role in the royal court, and were known as sviralnici, glumci and praskavnici. Other rulers known for the musical patronage(patronat) included Stefan Dušan or Stefan Lazarević. Medieval(sredniowiezny) musical instruments included horns(rogi), trumpets(trąbki), lutes(lutnie), drums and cymbals. Traditional folk instruments include various kinds of bagpipes (dudy, kobza), flutes, tamburitza and gusle.

The influence was in each balkan country, but despite the common influences, there are some differences among the region. The music of the Slavic countries differs from the music of Greece or the music of Romania.

FOLK MUSIC PER COUNTRIES:

ALBANIA
Albanian folk music falls into two main stylistic groups. The northern and southern traditions are contrasted by the "rugged(surowy, dziki, mocny) and heroic" tone of the north and the "relaxed, gentle and exceptionally beautiful" form of the south. So when on the north there were popular heroic epics, on the south people were singing sweetly melodic lullabies(kołysanki), love songs, wedding music and work songs. Worth to mention is a fact that Lullabies and laments were generally performed by women.

BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA
Rural(wiejski) folk traditions in Bosnia include the shouted, polyphonic ganga(It has a very narrow ambitus with untempered intervals and frequent chromatic movements-taki taniec jak po wypiciu o jedno piwenio za duzo;p ) and ravne pjesme (flat song) styles, as well as instruments like a droneless bagpipe, wooden flute and sargija. The gusle, an instrument found throughout the Balkans, is also used to accompany ancient epic poems. There are also Bosnian folk songs in Ladino, derived from the area's Jewish population.

BULGARIA
Bulgarian music uses a wide range of instruments. Many folk instruments are variants of traditional Turkish instruments such as the "Saz" (Bulgarian tambura)-lutnia, or the kemençe (Bulgarian gadulka)-smyczkowy tez . More modern style instruments are often used in the modern dance music that was an offshoot(odrośl;p) of traditional village music. Bulgarian folk music is known for a fact that villagers falling into a trance and dancing on hot coals(węgiel) or in more typical way-just dancing and singing in restaurants or in the streets.

CROATIA
The traditional folk music of Croatia is mostly associated with the following:
-klapa - The klapa music is a form of a cappella singing. The word klapa translates as "a group of people" and traces its roots to litoral church singing. The motifs in general are celebrate love, wine (grapes), country (homeland) and sea. Main elements of the music are harmony and melody and rhythm.
-Tamburitza- (tamburica, diminutive of tambura) music is a form of folk music that involves these and related string(smyczkowy) instruments. It became increasingly popular in the 1800s, and small bands began to form, similar developments(osiagniecia) in Russia, Italy and the Ukraine.
-gusle- The gusle music is played on this traditional string instrument. It is primarily(przede wszystkim) rooted in the Croatian epic poetry with emphasis(z naciskiem) on important historical or patriotic events.

SERBIA
Traditional ethnic Serbian music include various kinds of bagpipes, flutes, horns, trumpets, lutes, psalteries, drums and cymbals. Interesting is a turbofolk. Turbo-folk is a new kind of folk, with influences from rock and roll, soul, house and UK garage. Turbo-folk is aggressive and swift(prędki). Some musicians used their music to protest against Milošević during the 1990s, while others were seen as having used music and cultural expression to incite(pobudzac) extremist nationalist fervor.

BALKANS` STARS;)

BIJELO DUGME
("White Button") were a highly influential rock band stationed in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, originally in Yugoslavia. Active between 1974 and 1989, they are considered to have been the most popular band ever to exist in the former Yugoslavia and one of the most important acts of the Yugoslav Rock scene. Bijelo dugme was founded by Goran Bregović, who was the band's sole composer and wrote most of the lyrics.
“Kosovska”-song which was written not in bosnian but in albanian, so it made a little bit confusion in fans`circle and in a country.

AZIS
The most shocking pop-singer known for, among other things, his atypical gender
expression(rodzaj ekspresji) and his flamboyant persona(rzucajaca sie w oczy, przesadna). (peruka-wig, sztuczne-false)

ELI FARA
An Albanian folk music singer who is widespread(rozpowszechniony) following among the Albanian-speaking people. Now she`s living in USA (NY). –tajemnicz babka, w necie cięzko jej uswiadczyc;)