angielski - History of Balkans

TheBrightSideOfTheTito

hvala hvala hvala ! idem jebati jeża, bok!

Marta

History of Balkan area in 18th and 19th century

This period in history is a time of a national awakening. Most of countries ( also including Poland ) realized that they have their own culture, language, unique history and they should fight with occcupants to gain independence.Of course this trend occured also on Balkan Penisula.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria was under the control of Ottoman Empire from 15th century. In April 1876 Bulgarians revolted in so-called April Uprising. The rebellion was poorly organized; it took place in the region of Plovdiv. The uprising was crushed with cruelty by the Ottomans. Thousands of villages were pillaged and tens of thousands of people were massacred. The slaughter aroused a broad reaction in Europe; intellectuals and public figures launched a campaign against the "Bulgarian Horrors". The strongest reaction came from Russia and in April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottomans. Alongside the Russian fought Romanians and a small contingent of Bulgarian exiles. The Coalition defeated Ottomans at the Battle of Shipka Pass and at Pleven and, by January 1878 they had liberated much of the Bulgarian lands.

Serbia

Serbia gained its authonomy from the Ottoman empire in two uprisings. First in 1804 was led by Karadjordje Petrovitch and the second, which took place in 1815 was led by Milosh Obrenovitch. Hovewer, Turkish troops continued to garisson the capital , Belgrad, until 1867. In this time Ottoman Empire faced an internal crisis which had a huge effect on the nations living under its rule. The Serbs launched not only a national revolution but also a social one and gradually Serbia started to catch up with other European countries. As a result of uprisings and wars against the Ottoman Empire there was formed an independent Principality (Knjazevina) of Serbia in 1878. In 1882 there was a proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbia. This period was marked by the rivalry of two dynasties descending from Djordje Petrovitch (leader of the first Serbian uprising ) and Milosh Obrenovitch (leader of the second Serbian uprising ).

Bosnia

In 1716 Bosnia was occupied by Austria; this lasted only until 1739 when it was ceded to the Ottoman Empire at the Treaty of Belgrade. The wars between Austria, Ottomans and Venice impoverished Bosnia and encouraged further migration: Muslim refugees from Hungary and Slavonia and Serbs, mostly from Kosovo, settled in Bosnia. The most famous Bosnian uprising was the one in 1831, and was headed by the captain Husein Gradashtchevitch. The insurection was joined by thousands of native Bosnian soldiers who belived in captain's prudence and courage, calling him Zmaj od Bosne (the Bosnian dragon ). Despite several victories the rebels were eventually defeated in the battle near Sarajevo in 1832 after Gradashtchevitch was betrayed by Herzegovinian nobility. He was banned from entering the Bosnia and was eventually poisoned in Istanbul. Bosnia and Herzegovina remained part of the Ottoman empire until 1878.

Croatia

In 18th century Ottoman Empire was driven out of Croatia. Then Austria took Croatia under control. Croats supported empress Maria Theresia in the war of Austrian Succesion of 1741-1748 and gained significant contributions. In 1797 Napoleon conquered Venice so the southern part of Croatia was under the rule of France. In 1809 Napoleon set up The Ilirian Provinces consisted of Dalmatia, Istria and Slavonia. When napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 Austria-Hungary Monarchy took control on the Provinces. Croatian authonomy was restored in 1868 with the Hungarian-Croatian Settlement which wasn't particularly favorable for Croats.

Sztywna

First Balkan War 8th October 1912 - 30th May 1913

The 1st Balkan War was a conflict between The Balcan League, which was the alliance of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire. The war was started by Montenegro, which declared the war against the Ottoman Empire on 8th Oct 1912. The war was ended by signing „THE TREATY OF LONDON” on 30th of May 1913. It was convened to deal with territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the 1st Balkan War. The Balkan Leagues was victorious and Turkey was defeated. The Balkan League conquered the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire (Albania, Macedonia and Thrace), leaving the Ottomans with only the Chatalja and Gallipoli peninsulas.

Second Balkan War 16th June 1913 - 18th July 1913

It broke out because of the disagreements between the allies about the terms of the Treaty of London. Bulgaria hoped to acquire all of Bulgarian Macedonia and dominate the Balkans, while Serbia and Greece hoped to take larger portions of Macedonia and prevent Bulgarian hegemony. On one side fought Bulgaria while on the other side were Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire.
A general armistice was agreed on 18/31 July, 1913, and the territorial spoils agreed in the treaties of Bucharest and Constantinople. Bulgaria lost most of the territories gained in the First Balkan War. The boundary settlements of the Treaties of Bucharest and Constantinople were only temporary; ten months later the fighting was renewed with the start of the First World War.

First World War

On the 28th of June 1914, just before 10 o'clock, the royal couple - Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, arrived in Sarajevo in order to watch the manoeuvers of Generals Oskar Potiorek troops. Franz Ferdinand knew that the visit would be dangerous, knowing his uncle, Emperor Franz Josef, had been the subject of an assassination attempt by the Black Hand in 1911.
After gotting out from the train the royal couple were travelling across the Sarajevo by cars formed into a procession. In the front car was Fehim Čurčić, the Mayor of Sarajevo and Dr. Gerde, the city's Commissioner of Police. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were in the second car with Oskar Potiorek and Count von Harrach. The car's top was rolled back in order to allow the crowds a good view of its occupants.
The seven members of the group were spaced out along the Appel Quay, each one with instructions to try to kill Franz Ferdinand when the royal car reached his position. The first conspirator on the route to see the royal car was Muhamed Mehmedbašić. Standing by the Austro-Hungarian Bank, Mehmedbašić lost his nerve and allowed the car pass without taking action. Mehmedbašić later said that a policeman was standing behind him and feared he would be arrested before he had a chance to throw his bomb.
At 10:15 A.M., when the six car procession passed the central police station, nineteen-year-old student Nedeljko Čabrinović hurled a hand grenade at the archduke's car. The driver accelerated when he saw the object flying towards him and the bomb exploded under the wheel of the next car. Two of the occupants, Eric von Merizzi and Count Boos-Waldeck were seriously wounded. About a dozen spectators were also hit by bomb splinters.

After Čabrinović's bomb missed the Archduke's car, five other conspirators, including Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia, lost an opportunity to attack because of the heavy crowds and the high speed of the Archduke's car. To avoid capture, Čabrinović swallowed a cyanide pill and jumped into the River Miljacka, but he was hauled out and detained by police.
Franz Ferdinand later decided to go to the hospital and visit the victims of Čabrinović's failed bombing attempt. In order to avoid the city centre, General Oskar Potiorek decided that the royal car should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital. However, Potiorek forgot to inform the driver, Franz Urban, about this decision. On the way to the hospital, Urban took a right turn into Gebet Street.
In a meantime Gavrilo Princip had gone into Moritz Schiller's cafe for a sandwich, having apparently given up, when he spotted Franz Ferdinand's car as it drove past, having taken the wrong turn. After realizing the mistake, the driver put his foot on the brake, and began to back up. In doing so the engine of the car stalled and the gears locked, giving Princip his shot. Princip stepped forward, drew his pistol, and at a distance of about five feet, fired several times into the car. Franz Ferdinand was hit in the neck and Sophie in the abdomen. Sophie died instantly. Franz Ferdinand, who in disbelief of her death insisted that she wake up, fainted within five minutes and died soon after.
After that Princip tried to kill himself, first by ingesting cyanide, and then with the use of his pistol. But he vomited the past-date poison. The pistol was wrestled from his hand before he had a chance to fire another shot.
Princip was too young to receive the death penalty, being one month and three days short of his twentieth birthday at the time of the assassination. Instead, he received the maximum sentence of twenty years in prison. He was held in harsh conditions which were worsened by the war. He died of tuberculosis in 1918 at Theresienstadt. At the time of his death Princip weighed around 40 kilograms.

The assassination in Sarajevo set into motion a series of fast-moving events that eventually escalated into full-scale war. Austria-Hungary demanded action by Serbia to punish those responsible and, when Austria-Hungary deemed Serbia had not complied, declared war. The Russian Empire started to mobilize its troops in defense of its ally Serbia, which resulted in the German Empire declaring war on Russia in support of its ally Austria-Hungary.

The Serbian Army won several major victories against Austria-Hungary at the beginning of World War I, but it was overpowered by the joint forces of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria in 1915. Most of its army and some people went to exile to Greece and Corfu where it healed, regrouped and returned to Macedonian front to lead a final breakthrough through enemy lines on 15th September 1918, freeing Serbia again.
In World War I, Serbia had 1,264,000 casualties — 28% of its total population, and 58% of its male population.

Shortly before the end of the First World War in 1918, the Croatian Parliament severed relations with Austria-Hungary as the Entente armies defeated those of the Habsburgs. On 29th October Croatia and Slavonia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs composed out of all Southern Slavic territories of the now former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with a transitional government headed in Zagreb.
Unfortunately it was a very short-lives state. On the 1st december 1918 Serbia became the founder member of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from 1929 known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia)
Between 1921 and 1929 the Kingdom was paralized because of the rivalization of the Croatian Peasant Party and Serbian Radical People's Party. During a Parliament session in 1928, the Croatian Peasant Party's leader Stjepan Radić was mortally wounded by Puniša Račić, a deputy of the Serbian Radical People's Party, which caused further upsets among the Croatian elite. In 1929, King Aleksandar I Karadjordjević (1921-1934) proclaimed a dictatorship – so called „January 6 Dictatorship” - and imposed a new constitution which renamed the country the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Political parties were banned from the start and the royal dictatorship took on an increasingly harsh character.
In 1934, King Aleksandar was assassinated abroad, in Marseilles, by a coalition of the Ustaše (Croatian nationalist far-right movement) and a similarly radical movement, the Macedonian pro-Bulgarian VMORO.

In 1941 Croatia became a republic within Yugoslavia, which was split up by nazists and fascists; and this republic was called The independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Drżawa Hrvatska). NDH became a puppet state of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. Geographically, it encompassed most of modern-day Croatia, as well as all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Slovenia and Serbia.
The NDH was ruled by Ante Pavelić and his Ustaša; a racist, terrorist and saboteur organization formed in 1929. The NDH had a program, formulated by Mile Budak, to purge Croatia of Serbs, by “killing one third, expelling another third and assimilating the remaining third”. The first part of this program began during WWII with a planned genocide in Jasenovac and other locations in the NDH.
The end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the constitution of 1946 officially making Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new state.

During The Second World War the central part of Serbia, a part of Kosovo and a region called banat was a German-occupied puppet state, and it was popularly called Nedić's Serbia (from Milan Nadić, the prime minister of the collaborant government). The other parts of present-day Serbia were occupied by Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Italian armies. Pro -communist Yugoslav Partisans and royalist Chetniks organized resistance against the occupation, but also engaged in the battle against each other. One of the most infamous acts of agression was taken in Kragujevac, when in reprisal for attacking one of the divisions of Wehrmacht, soldiers killed 100 civils for killing every one Wehrmacht soldier and 50 civils for injuring each soldier. Also during the war, Serbs, Jews and Roma were imprisoned in concentration camps. After the end of the 2nd World War, in 1945, Serbia was established as one of the federal units of the second Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito.

Mojca

Croatia

Croatia became part of the Democratic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945, which was run by Tito's Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Tito, himself a Croat, adopted a policy to manage the conflicting national ambitions of the Croats and Serbs. Yugoslav federation was composed of six republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. Under the new communist system, private property was nationalized and the economy was based on a type of planned market socialism. The country underwent a rebuilding process, recovered from the WW2, went through industrialization and started developing tourism.
The constitution of 1963 balanced the power in the country between the Croats and the Serbs, and alleviated the fact that the Croats were again in a minority. Trends after 1965, however, led to the Croatian Spring of 1970–71, when students in Zagreb organized demonstrations for greater civil liberties and greater Croatian autonomy. The regime stifled the public protest and incarcerated the leaders, but this led to the ratification of a new Constitution in 1974, giving more rights to individual republics. In 1980, after Tito's death, political, ethnic and economic difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The emergence of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia and many other events provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia, followed by a rise in nationalism.
In 1990, the first free elections were held. A people's movement called the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won, led by Franjo Tuđman, former general in Yugoslav army. HDZ's intentions were to secure more independence for Croatia, contrary to the wishes of part of ethnic Serbs in the republic and official politics in Belgrade. The excessively polarized climate soon escalated into conflict between the two nationalities. Any intervention by the Croatian police was obstructed by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mainly consisting of Serbs. The conflict culminated when the Krajina Serbs blocked the roads to tourist destinations in Dalmatia and started a mass ethnic cleansing of all non-Serb population.
In early August, Croatia started the Operation Storm and quickly reconquered most of its territory. A few months later, as a result, the war ended upon the negotiation of the Dayton Agreement. The country underwent many liberal reforms beginning in 2000. An economic recovery ensued and the country proceeded to become a member of several regional and international organizations. Croatia is expecting NATO membership in 2008, an admission in the EU in 2009.

Serbia and Montenegro

In 1945, after WW2, Serbia and Montenegro became part of new country, Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, leaded by Josip Broz Tito.
the 1974 constitution produced a significantly less centralized federation, increasing the autonomy of Yugoslavia’s republics as well as autonomus provinces of Serbia. When Tito died in 1980, Serbia started to keeping its existing program of state ownership. It was a perod of strong growth, the leading of prime minister Ante Marković, who helped to create stronger country, he was opened for reforms which could open up country to better living standards. But it seemed to be end when the first gunshots were fired.
The socialistic federal republic of Yugoslavia broke up in 1991\92 and Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia became independent. But Serbia and Montenegro formed in 1992 a new federation nawed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2003 this state was transformed into the state Union of Serbia and Montenegro. After a peaceful seperation, Montenegro became sovereign state in 2006, and so did Serbia. The international rights and obligations passed to Serbia as the succesor of Yugoslavia. Following Montenegro’s vote for full independence in the the plebiscite of May 21, 2006, Montenegro declared on June 3, 2006. This was followed on June 5, 2006 by Serbia’s declaration of independence, marking the final dissolution of state Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the re-emergence of Serbia as and independent state, under its own name, for first time since 1918.

Slovenia

Slovenia formed a constituent republic of Tito’s Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and continued to form Yugoslavia’s most prosperous and advanced republic throughout the communist era. Slovenia was the forefont of Yugoslavia’s unique version of communism.
The independence of Slovenia came about as a result of dissolution of Yugoslavia, and rise of nationalism in 1990. Slovenia and Croatia began the process together towards independence. On december 23, 1990 80% of Slovenian’s population voted for independence in plebiscite and on June 25, 1991, the Republic of Slovenia declared its independence.
A 10- day war with Yougoslavia followed June 27,1991-July 6,1991. The JNA forces withdrew after Slovenia demonstrated stiff resistance to Belgrade.
Slovenia joined:
· The United Nation on May 22, 1992 (ONZ)
· NATO on March 2004
· EU- 1 May 2004
Adopted also the Euro as its currency on the 1 January 2007 as the first of the new member countries.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Because of its central geographic position within the Yugoslavian federation, post-war Bosnia was strategically selected as a base for the development of the military defense industry. This contributed to a large concentration of arms and military personnel in Bosnia; a significant factor in the war that followed the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.[1] However, Bosnia's existence within Yugoslavia, for the large part, was peaceful and prosperous. Being one of the poorer republics in the early 1950s it quickly recovered economically, taking advantage of its extensive natural resources to stimulate industrial development. The Yugoslavian communist doctrine of "brotherhood and unity" particularly suited Bosnia's diverse and multi-ethnic society that, because of such an imposed system of tolerance, thrived culturally and socially.
Though considered a political backwater of the federation for much of the 50s and 60s, the 70s saw the ascension of a strong Bosnian political elite. While working within the communist system, politicians such as Džemal Bijedić, Branko Mikulić and Hamdija Pozderac reinforced and protected the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Their efforts proved key during the turbulent period following Tito's death in 1980, and are today considered some of the early steps towards Bosnian independence.. With the fall of communism and the start of the break-up of Yugoslavia, the old communist doctrine of tolerance began to lose its potency, creating an opportunity for nationalist elements in the society to spread their influence.

A declaration of sovereignty in October of 1991 was followed by a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia in February and March 1992 boycotted by the great majority of Bosnian Serbs. With a voter turnout of 64%, 98% of which voted in favor of the proposal, Bosnia and Herzegovina became an independent state. Following a tense period of escalating tensions and sporadic military incidents, open warfare began in Sarajevo on April 6.[1] By 1993, when an armed conflict erupted between the Sarajevo government and the Croat statelet of Herzeg-Bosnia, about 70% of the country was controlled by the Serbs.
In March 1994, the signing of the Washington accords between the leaders of the republican government and Herzeg-Bosnia led to the creation of a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This, along with international outrage at Serb war crimes and atrocities (most notably the genocidal killing of 8,000 Bosniak males in Srebrenica in July, 1995), eventually turned the tide of war. The signing of the Dayton Agreement in Paris by the presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Alija Izetbegović), Croatia (Franjo Tuđman), and Yugoslavia (Slobodan Milošević) brought a halt to the fighting, roughly establishing the basic structure of the present-day state. The three years of war and bloodshed had left 200 000 people killed and more than 2 million displaced.
All the countries of the former Yugoslavia are now believed to be democratic and in transition towards market economy, respect of human rights and potential membership in the European Union. Only the status of Kosovo remains unsolbed, and presents a potential region of instability not only for Serbia, but for the wider Balkan region as well. So far, of all the countries that have emerged from Yugoslavia, only Slovenia has become a member of the European Union.

Ines

Wrzucam pytania z First half of the XX century, z poprzedniego ani następnego referatu nie było pytań na zajęciach niestety:(

Mam problem z pyt.8 Bardzo proszę poprawcie, bo może być coś źle. Jeśli w innych pytaniach też coś nie tak - napiszcie.

1. Who was in the Balkan league in 1913? (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro)
and who lost the battle? (Ottoman Empire/Turkey)

2. What was the second Balkan war about? (Bulgaria wasn’t satisfied about the treaty of London)
and who lost the war? (Bulgaria)

3. When did World War I start? (1914)

5. What was the reason for the First World War? (assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie)

6. How many people were organized for murder? (7)

7. What punishment did the murderer get? (prison for 20 years)
and when did he die? (he died at the and of the I World War, in 1918)

8. Who fought against who in the Balkan War? (Austria-Hungary and Germany [they lost] against the rest – Serbia, Russia. Turkey? and Bulgaria, who joined Austria, Hungary, Germany later)
and what other countries fight? ??? (Great Britain, Belgian, Japan, Austrian?, New Zeeland, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Greece, US) ???

this war was called “trenches war” (okopowa wojna)

9. When was the state of Slovenes formed? (1 December 1918 r.)
and what kind of state was it? (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)

10. What happened in 1921-1929? (the war between 2 parties: the Croatian Peasant Party and Serbian Radical People’s Party)

11. What happened in 1929, after that thing what happened before? (Alexander Karadjordjević proclaimed a dictatorship, called “January 6 Dictatorship” and imposed a new constitution which renamed the country the Kingdom of Yugoslavia)
and what was the leader? (Alexander Karadjordjević)
and what happened in 1934 to the leader and where? (King Alexander was assassinated abroad, in France)

12. What was Croatia during the II World War? (fascists republic)

13. What happened in 1945? (Serbia was established as the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia)
and name the form of state? (Socialist Federative Republic)
and who was the leader? (Josip Broz Tito)

milenaa · Gość

ale ze mnie gapa, Smile

Marta

w ósmym raczej chodzi o pierwszą wojnę światową a nie balkan war

Marta

jeszcze odnośnie ósmego:
Turcja była po stronie Austrowęgier
po stronie Serbii były Great Britain, Belgium, Japan, Australia, New Zeland, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Greece, US